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fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p> <p>本站地址：<a href="https://codefather.cn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://codefather.cn<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>从超高频的后端面试题出发，指明学习方向</p></blockquote> <p>大家好，我是鱼皮。</p> <p>还记得我的老弟小阿巴么？他目前正值大一暑假，在家自学编程（刷短视频）中。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908171.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>他整个大一期间基本都在学习前端。后来，我带他写了一次后端，结果就崩了，写了一堆 bug！</p> <blockquote><p>详情请阅读：<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI1NDczNTAwMA==&amp;mid=2247496763&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=00356138d5079e79cbb665e2b186b976&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">前端老弟第一次写后端，崩了！<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p></blockquote> <p>但没想到，这货踩了坑后，反而爱上了后端开发。这一到周末就缠着我，让我给他讲讲后端开发应该学习哪些知识。</p> <p>虽然很想给他总结一份后端学习路线，但我也很忙，于是就思考有没有什么更快捷的方式让他了解到后端要学的技术。</p> <p>我想想：他学编程是为了找好工作，想找到好工作就要先通过面试。。。</p> <p>有了！正好我朋友在大厂 “阿巴阿巴” 做 Java 后端面试官，我直接把小阿巴送过去参与面试，不就能让他知道自己要学的技术了么？</p> <p>OK，起飞！</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908063.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy">起飞</p> <p>一天后，小阿巴回来了，一脸苦样，说自己一道题都没答出来。</p> <p>我问了下考点，大笑道：你运气太好了，这不全是后端面试中的 <strong>超高频</strong> 经典题目么？全中！</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908624.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>好了，下面就通过这次的大厂面试题，分享下后端程序员要学的知识以及缘由。</p> <h2 id="从面试题看后端必学知识"><a href="#从面试题看后端必学知识" class="header-anchor">#</a> 从面试题看后端必学知识</h2> <p>大纲：</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908620.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>后端必学 - 思维导图</p></blockquote> <h3 id="编程语言"><a href="#编程语言" class="header-anchor">#</a> 编程语言</h3> <p>对于开发岗位的程序员，无论是前端还是后端，最低要求都是 <strong>熟练使用</strong> 至少一门编程语言。像前端的核心语言是 JavaScript，后端有 Java、C++、Golang、Python 等。</p> <p>目前 Java 后端岗位的需求量比较大，所以这里以 Java 为例。</p> <h4 id="基础"><a href="#基础" class="header-anchor">#</a> 基础</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>Java 中 == 和 equals 的区别？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38162448/article/details/81611894</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>熟练并不只是能写出代码就够了，很多编程语法层面的 <strong>小细节</strong> 也必须关注！在工作中，很多 bug 的产生正是因为对细节知识的欠缺，因此这些细节也是面试官最爱考察的点。</p> <p>比如 Java 中的 == 和 equals 都是判断变量是否相等，但有啥区别呢？如果使用不当，很有可能会把相同值的变量判断为不相等，导致业务逻辑错误。还有 final 关键字、volatile 关键字等，都是常用的 Java 语法，也是高频考点。</p> <p>所以，巩固语法基础很重要，推荐《Java 核心技术卷 I》。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908172.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="类库"><a href="#类库" class="header-anchor">#</a> 类库</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>Java 中的集合及其继承关系？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1zD4y1Q7Fw</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>每种编程语言都有内置的类库和函数，虽然可能不是最方便的，但通常源码实现都比较合理、性能也不错。想熟练使用一门编程语言，提高开发效率，或者编写自己的封装库，就一定要先掌握语言原生的类库。</p> <p>比如 Java 中提供了集合类，让我们很轻松地操作各种数据结构，比如数组、链表、Set、Hash 等，这些都是工作中常用的类，因此有必要了解它们的原理，才能更合理、正确地去使用。像 HashMap 的实现原理、HashMap 和 HashTable 的区别、ArrayList 和 LinkedList 的区别，也是高频考点。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908160.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>Java 集合框架关系</p></blockquote> <h4 id="框架"><a href="#框架" class="header-anchor">#</a> 框架</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>什么是 Spring 的依赖注入？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/25459839</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>除了做基础架构之外，在企业中开发基本都是用现成的框架，不用什么都自己写，能够大大提升开发效率。但会用框架只是最基本的要求，怎么能最大化框架的性能、降低出 bug 的概率、进一步降低开发成本、甚至如何自己设计实现一个框架，才是优秀的程序员应该思考的。因此，常用框架的设计原理是高频考点，比如 Java 中 Spring 框架的核心设计 IOC 和 AOP、使用多级缓存解决循环依赖等。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908716.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="底层"><a href="#底层" class="header-anchor">#</a> 底层</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>JVM 的内存结构是怎样的？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1iJ411d7jS?p=2</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>大厂面试中，少不了编程语言的底层实现。</p> <p>虽然工作中很少会直接用到这方面的知识，但书到用时方恨少，大厂对求职者的需求通常不是你现在能做什么，而是你未来是否能够应对潜在的挑战。万一到时候线上程序出一个紧急且严重的 bug，需要分析垃圾收集器的日志，让你现学，还来得及么？这就要求我们了解底层，对 Java 来讲，关键就是 Java 虚拟机（JVM）。</p> <p>此外，了解底层能够加深你对编程语言的理解和对架构的认知，很多底层的设计原理是可以应用到工作写程序中的，像如何分配管理内存、垃圾收集器的设计、回收算法等。</p> <p>简单来说就是：把工具玩儿明白，让造工具成为可能。</p> <p>推荐书籍：《深入理解Java虚拟机》第3版</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908585.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>《深入理解 Java 虚拟机》第3版</p></blockquote> <h3 id="计算机基础"><a href="#计算机基础" class="header-anchor">#</a> 计算机基础</h3> <p>无论你学习什么编程语言，这些知识都是程序员重要的基本功。虽然未必在工作中直接用到，但打好基础，能够全方面提升你的编程能力和素养，在面对问题时才会有更多的想法和思考。</p> <p>面试官通过这些问题，能看出你的学习是否扎实，是否可靠。</p> <h4 id="数据结构"><a href="#数据结构" class="header-anchor">#</a> 数据结构</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>如何用栈实现队列？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/implement-queue-using-stacks/solution/</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>数据结构是独立于编程语言的重要思想，像链表、数组、栈、队列、集合、字符串、哈希表、树等等，都是写程序常用的数据结构，因此也是面试高频考点。</p> <p>工作中，虽然不会让你自己实现一个数据结构，但至少要了解每个数据结构的特点、使用场景、时间和空间复杂度，否则写出来的代码可能会 “又重又慢”，稍有不慎，内存溢出！</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908589.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>栈</p></blockquote> <h4 id="算法"><a href="#算法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 算法</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>假设你正在爬楼梯。需要 n 阶才能到达楼顶。每次你可以爬 1 或 2 个台阶，有多少种不同的方法可以爬到楼顶呢？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/climbing-stairs/solution/</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>和数据结构类似，算法也是程序员的核心素养。像排序、动态规划、递归、迭代、二分、分治、深搜广搜等基础算法，都是面试的重点。</p> <h4 id="计算机网络"><a href="#计算机网络" class="header-anchor">#</a> 计算机网络</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>TCP 三次握手、四次挥手经历了哪些过程？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://blog.csdn.net/ThinkWon/article/details/104903925</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>对后端开发而言，大部分的工作就是写接口，接受前端或其他客户端发送的网络请求，给出对应的数据响应。因此，网络知识相当重要。</p> <p>比如工作中常用的网络协议、HTTP 请求与响应、会话、四七层负载均衡等，都是常见考点。因为很多的协议都是在 TCP、UDP 的基础上进行封装，所以 TCP 和 UDP 也是高频考点。了解这些有助于写出更优雅规范的接口、减少网络请求的耗时、或者提高整个接口的并发度等。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908427.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>TCP 三次握手</p></blockquote> <h4 id="操作系统"><a href="#操作系统" class="header-anchor">#</a> 操作系统</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>什么是死锁？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/26945588</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>操作系统虽然是很底层的知识，但毕竟我们编写的程序都是跑在操作系统上的，因此操作系统的一些概念无时无刻不在被开发者使用，比如进程和线程、死锁、文件、套接字、CPU、内存管理、输入输出等。你思考问题的深度、程序性能优化的极限，很大程度上取决于对操作系统的了解。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908430.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h3 id="软件开发"><a href="#软件开发" class="header-anchor">#</a> 软件开发</h3> <h4 id="mysql"><a href="#mysql" class="header-anchor">#</a> Mysql</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>MySQL 如何性能优化？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.zhihu.com/question/19719997/answer/549041957</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>大部分做后端开发的程序员离不开数据库，而且工作中基本就是写 CRUD，从数据库中增删改查数据。</p> <p>对于在学校里做的小项目，基本了解数据库的使用，会写几条简单的 SQL 语句就够了。但是在大厂业务（尤其是 ToC）中，数据量动辄百万千万、甚至数亿，这就对数据库设计和性能优化提出了要求。</p> <p>因此，大厂后端面试中，超高频的面试题就是：MySQL 如何性能优化？对于这类问题，只靠背诵很容易被面试官揭穿，比较推荐自己去做个项目，设计个库表实战，看看不同的优化方式是否有效、能得到多大的效果。</p> <p>还有很常见的面试题就是：给你一个场景，让你去设计数据库表结构。大部分题目都要求你临场发挥，所以在平时多做项目、多去参考其他系统的设计真的很重要。</p> <p>此外，还要了解数据库中的常见概念，比如事务、锁、索引等；还有一些基本操作，比如存储过程、备份、定位慢查询。否则可能写出的代码会有 bug、一不小心插入的数据就不一致了、一不小心就把整个表给锁住了、删库跑路也无能为力等。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908783.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="redis"><a href="#redis" class="header-anchor">#</a> Redis</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>Redis 有哪些数据类型？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.runoob.com/redis/redis-data-types.html</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>Redis 是一款高性能的 Key-Value 数据库，它在后端开发中的作用非常大。</p> <p>比如为了提高接口性能、减轻数据库压力，用 Redis 做缓存；为了解决并发冲突，使用 Redis 做分布式锁；为了实现单点登录、提高用户效率，使用 Redis 存储会话或令牌；Redis 还可以用于做实时排行榜、计数器、布隆过滤器、队列系统等。</p> <p>因此，大厂面试中，Redis 的考点也越来越多，常见的有 Redis 的基本使用（有哪些数据类型？有哪些应用场景？集群搭建）、工作机制（持久化机制 RDB 和 AOF 的区别？为什么单线程？） 、场景设计等。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908690.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="设计模式"><a href="#设计模式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 设计模式</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>请手写单例模式的实现代码？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.cnblogs.com/yuanxion/p/14600626.html</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>设计模式是程序员们在软件开发过程中抽象出的、用于同一类问题的解决方案，一般是比函数、组件更高层的抽象，用了设计模式的代码一般有如下特点：</p> <ol><li>重用代码，减少重复的代码编写和复制粘贴</li> <li>更好维护、可扩展</li> <li>提高开发效率</li> <li>新手看不懂，懂设计模式的程序员一看就懂</li></ol> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908688.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>正因为这些优点，设计模式无论是对工作效率还是思想的提升都很有帮助，也成为了面试高频考点。常见的设计模式虽然有 3 大类、23+ 种，但面试重点主要是单例模式、工厂模式、观察者模式等。</p> <h4 id="并发编程"><a href="#并发编程" class="header-anchor">#</a> 并发编程</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>为什么用线程池？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.cnblogs.com/xinxindiandeng/p/6383311.html</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>如何用最少的资源，写出性能更高、更可靠、更可扩展的程序是后端程序员需要思考的问题。因此，高并发编程是面试的重点。像线程池、锁、队列、并发包、同步异步等，都是高频考点。有时还会给一些实际问题让你分析，比如经典的秒杀系统的设计、订单超卖问题如何解决。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908512.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>线程池</p></blockquote> <h4 id="linux"><a href="#linux" class="header-anchor">#</a> Linux</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>Linux Top 命令的输出信息分别表示什么？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41427129/article/details/113102533</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>企业项目一般都是部署在云服务器上的，大部分服务器的操作系统都是 Linux，因此后端开发工作中，必不可少地要操作 Linux 服务器，比如部署项目、安装和配置服务、查看系统运行信息、定位线上问题排障等。</p> <p>因此，要熟悉基本的 Linux 命令，能够适应无鼠标的命令行操作。</p> <p>还要了解一些常用的系统分析命令，帮助排查问题。比如 top 命令，可以查看系统的资源占用、整体负载，还能具体查看每个进程占用了多少 CPU、内存，从而锁定异常线程。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908566.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>Linux top 命令</p></blockquote> <h4 id="git"><a href="#git" class="header-anchor">#</a> Git</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>你用过 Git 版本控制系统么？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://github.phodal.com/</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>企业开发大部分都是团队协同而非单兵作战，很多人要同时编写同一个项目的代码，那么如何保证代码的同步、减少冲突、查看改动呢？这就需要使用版本控制系统，目前最主流的是 Git。</p> <p>如今，Git 已经是程序员的必修课了，但很多同学只是草草了解几个简单的 Git 操作，比如上传和更新代码到 GitHub，这是不行的。在工作中，还经常会用到工作区、分支、合并、回退、解决冲突的功能，也必须知道如何操作。</p> <p>顺带一提，大多数员工刚进公司要做的事就是用 Git 拉取代码，如果连这个都不会，就真的很尴尬了。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908569.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="架构"><a href="#架构" class="header-anchor">#</a> 架构</h4> <p><strong>面试题</strong></p> <p>什么是微服务？和传统架构有什么区别？</p> <p><strong>题解</strong></p> <p>https://www.zhihu.com/question/55511712</p> <p><strong>分析</strong></p> <p>如今的架构形式丰富多彩，早就不是一套架构吃遍天的时代了。单点、集群、分布式、SOA、微服务、容器、云原生、服务网格，这些架构都有什么特点？分别适用于哪些场景？如何选择？如何实现？这些问题都是后端程序员需要考虑、学习和实践的。</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908910.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <blockquote><p>架构图示例</p></blockquote> <hr> <p>听完我这一通分析，一向嚣张的小阿巴竟也变得沉默了，点了个 <strong>赞 + 在看</strong> 就放下了手机。</p> <p>想学好后端进大厂，真的是任重而道远，大家加油！</p> <p><img alt="" data-src="https://pic.yupi.icu/5563/202311070908766.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p></div> <footer class="page-edit" style="margin:0;"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/liyupi/codefather/edit/master/编程分享/求职经验/面试题/送老弟去大厂面试，后端考点分享.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">完善页面</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" 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